Ubwino wa Capsule
Mu 1500 BC, kapisozi woyamba anabadwira ku Egypt.
Mu 1730, azamankhwala ku Vienna adayamba kupanga makapisozi kuchokera ku wowuma.
Mu 1834, luso lopanga makapisozi linali lovomerezeka ku Paris.
Mu 1846, ukadaulo wopangira magawo awiri olimba adapezeka ku France Patents.
Mu 1848, makapisozi amitundu iwiri adatuluka. Kuyambira pamenepo, zipolopolo zolimba za Empty hard capsule zidalowa mdziko lachipatala ndipo zidakhala zotengera zamankhwala.
Mu 1874, kupanga mafakitale a makapisozi olimba (Hubel) kunayambika ku Detroit, ndipo mitundu yosiyanasiyana idayambitsidwa nthawi yomweyo.
Mu 1888, Parke-Davis adapeza chilolezo chopanga makapisozi olimba ku Detroit (JB Russell)
Mu 1931, Parke-Davis 'kapisozi kupanga liwiro anafika 10,000 makapisozi pa ola (A. Colton)
Monga mankhwala abwino opangira ma CD, zipolopolo za Empty hard capsule zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pokonzekera mankhwala. Iwo makamaka anagawira ufa, madzi, theka-olimba, mafuta, mapiritsi ndi mankhwala ena. Zitha kukhala zofulumira, zodalirika komanso zowonongeka. Iwo ali ndi zotsatirazi zabwino:
1) Kuwala kokongola komanso kosavuta kumeza.
2) Masking effect: Imatha kubisa kuwawa kosasangalatsa komanso fungo lamankhwala, ndikuteteza ndikukhazikitsa zomwe zili zosakhazikika.
3) High bioavailability wa mankhwala: Makapisozi safuna zomatira ndi kukakamiza pa kukonzekera monga mapiritsi ndi mapiritsi, kotero iwo kumwazikana mofulumira ndi kuyamwa bwino m`mimba ndi matumbo.
4) Kutetezedwa bwino kwa mankhwala azitsamba: Popanda kutentha kwakukulu komanso kupanikizika kwakukulu komwe kumabweretsedwa ndi makina osindikizira a piritsi, chikhalidwe chachilengedwe cha mankhwala a chomera mu kapisozi chikhoza kusungidwa.
5) Itha kupangidwa kukhala kukonzekera kosalekeza komanso kukonzekera kophatikiza:
Mankhwalawa amatha kumasulidwa nthawi ndi malo (otsekedwa ndi enteric, pulsed ndi machitidwe ena otulutsa mankhwala). Ngati mankhwalawa amapangidwa koyamba kukhala tinthu tating'onoting'ono, ndiyeno zopangira za gelatin ndi zida zotulutsa zosiyanasiyana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zotsatira za nthawi ndi malo omasulidwa zitha kutheka. Choncho, makapisozi ndi abwino mlingo mawonekedwe kwa chitukuko cha kupitiriza kumasulidwa kukonzekera ndi pawiri kukonzekera.
6) Dongosolo la mankhwala ndi kukonzekera ndi losavuta, losavuta pakupanga mafakitale ndi makina opanga.